1 \documentclass[11pt]{article}
3 \title{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}
4 \date{Version 3, 29 June 2007}
12 Copyright \copyright\ 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. \texttt{http://fsf.org/}
15 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
17 license document, but changing it is not allowed.}
21 \renewcommand{\abstractname}{Preamble}
23 The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
24 software and other kinds of works.
26 The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
27 to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
28 the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
29 share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
30 software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
31 GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
32 any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
35 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
36 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
37 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
38 them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
39 want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
40 free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
42 To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
43 these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
44 certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
45 you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
47 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
48 gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
49 freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
50 or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
53 Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
54 (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
55 giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
57 For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
58 that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
59 authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
60 changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
61 authors of previous versions.
63 Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
64 modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
65 can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
66 protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic
67 pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
68 use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we
69 have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
70 products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
71 stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
72 of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
74 Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
75 States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
76 software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
77 avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
78 make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
79 patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
81 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
86 {\Large \sc Terms and Conditions}
92 \addtocounter{enumi}{-1}
96 ``This License'' refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
98 ``Copyright'' also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
99 works, such as semiconductor masks.
101 ``The Program'' refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
102 License. Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. ``Licensees'' and
103 ``recipients'' may be individuals or organizations.
105 To ``modify'' a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
106 in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
107 exact copy. The resulting work is called a ``modified version'' of the
108 earlier work or a work ``based on'' the earlier work.
110 A ``covered work'' means either the unmodified Program or a work based
113 To ``propagate'' a work means to do anything with it that, without
114 permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
115 infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
116 computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
117 distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
118 public, and in some countries other activities as well.
120 To ``convey'' a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
121 parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through
122 a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
124 An interactive user interface displays ``Appropriate Legal Notices''
125 to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
126 feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
127 tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
128 extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
129 work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
130 the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
131 menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
135 The ``source code'' for a work means the preferred form of the work
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141 interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
142 is widely used among developers working in that language.
144 The ``System Libraries'' of an executable work include anything, other
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149 implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
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155 The ``Corresponding Source'' for a work in object code form means all
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159 System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
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168 The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
169 can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
172 The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
175 \item Basic Permissions.
177 All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
178 copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
179 conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
180 permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
181 covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
182 content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
183 rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
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205 similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
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214 technological measures.
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218 You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
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221 keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
222 non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
223 keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
224 recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
226 You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
227 and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
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232 produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
233 terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
235 \item The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
236 it, and giving a relevant date.
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239 released under this License and any conditions added under section
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243 \item You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
244 License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
245 License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
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247 regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
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249 invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
251 \item If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
252 Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
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254 work need not make them do so.
256 A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
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260 ``aggregate'' if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
261 used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
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263 in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
264 parts of the aggregate.
266 \item Conveying Non-Source Forms.
268 You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
269 of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
270 machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
271 in one of these ways:
273 \item Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
274 (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
275 Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
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278 \item Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
279 (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
280 written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
281 long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
282 model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
283 copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
284 product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
285 medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
286 more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
287 conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
288 Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
290 \item Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
291 written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
292 alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
293 only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
296 \item Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
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300 Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
301 copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
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303 that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
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306 Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
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309 \item Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
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312 charge under subsection 6d.
315 A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
316 from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
317 included in conveying the object code work.
319 A ``User Product'' is either (1) a ``consumer product'', which means any
320 tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
321 or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
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323 doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
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325 typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
326 of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
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329 commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
330 the only significant mode of use of the product.
332 ``Installation Information'' for a User Product means any methods,
333 procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
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335 a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
336 suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
337 code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
338 modification has been made.
340 If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
341 specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
342 part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
343 User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
344 fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
345 Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
346 by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
347 if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
348 modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
349 been installed in ROM).
351 The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
352 requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
353 for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
354 the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
355 network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
356 adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
357 protocols for communication across the network.
359 Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
360 in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
361 documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
362 source code form), and must require no special password or key for
363 unpacking, reading or copying.
365 \item Additional Terms.
367 ``Additional permissions'' are terms that supplement the terms of this
368 License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
369 Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
370 be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
371 that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
372 apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
373 under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
374 this License without regard to the additional permissions.
376 When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
377 remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
378 it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
379 removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
380 additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
381 for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
383 Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
384 add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
385 that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
387 \item Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
388 terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
390 \item Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
391 author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
392 Notices displayed by works containing it; or
394 \item Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
395 requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
396 reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
398 \item Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
399 authors of the material; or
401 \item Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
402 trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
404 \item Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
405 material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
406 it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
407 any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
408 those licensors and authors.
411 All other non-permissive additional terms are considered ``further
412 restrictions'' within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
413 received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
414 governed by this License along with a term that is a further
415 restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
416 a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
417 License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
418 of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
419 not survive such relicensing or conveying.
421 If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
422 must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
423 additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
424 where to find the applicable terms.
426 Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
427 form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
428 the above requirements apply either way.
432 You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
433 provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
434 modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
435 this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
436 paragraph of section 11).
438 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
439 license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
440 provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
441 finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
442 holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
443 prior to 60 days after the cessation.
445 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
446 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
447 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
448 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
449 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
450 your receipt of the notice.
452 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
453 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
454 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
455 reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
456 material under section 10.
458 \item Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
460 You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
461 run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
462 occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
463 to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
464 nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
465 modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
466 not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
467 covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
469 \item Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
471 Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
472 receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
473 propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
474 for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
476 An ``entity transaction'' is a transaction transferring control of an
477 organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
478 organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
479 work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
480 transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
481 licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
482 give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
483 Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
484 the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
486 You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
487 rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
488 not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
489 rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
490 (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
491 any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
492 sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
496 A ``contributor'' is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
497 License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
498 work thus licensed is called the contributor's ``contributor version''.
500 A contributor's ``essential patent claims'' are all patent claims
501 owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
502 hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
503 by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
504 but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
505 consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
506 purposes of this definition, ``control'' includes the right to grant
507 patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
510 Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
511 patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
512 make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
513 propagate the contents of its contributor version.
515 In the following three paragraphs, a ``patent license'' is any express
516 agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
517 (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
518 sue for patent infringement). To ``grant'' such a patent license to a
519 party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
520 patent against the party.
522 If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
523 and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
524 to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
525 publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
526 then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
527 available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
528 patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
529 consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
530 license to downstream recipients. ``Knowingly relying'' means you have
531 actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
532 covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
533 in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
534 country that you have reason to believe are valid.
536 If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
537 arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
538 covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
539 receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
540 or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
541 you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
542 work and works based on it.
544 A patent license is ``discriminatory'' if it does not include within
545 the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
546 conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
547 specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
548 work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
549 in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
550 to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
551 the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
552 parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
553 patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
554 conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
555 for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
556 contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
557 or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
559 Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
560 any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
561 otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
563 \item No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
565 If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
566 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
567 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
568 covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
569 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
570 not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
571 to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
572 the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
573 License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
575 \item Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
577 Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
578 permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
579 under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
580 combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
581 License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
582 but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
583 section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
586 \item Revised Versions of this License.
588 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
589 the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
590 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
591 address new problems or concerns.
593 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
594 Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
595 Public License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the
596 option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
597 version or of any later version published by the Free Software
598 Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
599 GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
600 by the Free Software Foundation.
602 If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
603 versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
604 public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
605 to choose that version for the Program.
607 Later license versions may give you additional or different
608 permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
609 author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
612 \item Disclaimer of Warranty.
615 THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
616 APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
617 COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS''
618 WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
619 INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
620 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
621 RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
622 SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
623 NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
626 \item Limitation of Liability.
628 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
629 WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES
630 AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
631 DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL
632 DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
633 (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED
634 INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE
635 OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH
636 HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
639 \item Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
641 If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
642 above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
643 reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
644 an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
645 Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
646 copy of the Program in return for a fee.
649 {\Large\sc End of Terms and Conditions}
652 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
655 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
656 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
657 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
659 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
660 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
661 state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
662 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
666 <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
668 Copyright (C) <textyear> <name of author>
670 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
671 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
672 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
673 (at your option) any later version.
675 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
676 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
677 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
678 GNU General Public License for more details.
680 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
681 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
685 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
687 If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
688 notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
692 <program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
694 This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
695 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
696 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
700 The hypothetical commands {\tt show w} and {\tt show c} should show
702 parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
703 might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an ``about box''.
705 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
706 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
707 necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
708 the GNU GPL, see \texttt{http://www.gnu.org/licenses/}.
710 The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
711 program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
712 library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
713 applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use
714 the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But
715 first, please read \texttt{http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html}.